class Net::SSH::Buffer

Net::SSH::Buffer is a flexible class for building and parsing binary data packets. It provides a stream-like interface for sequentially reading data items from the buffer, as well as a useful helper method for building binary packets given a signature.

Writing to a buffer always appends to the end, regardless of where the read cursor is. Reading, on the other hand, always begins at the first byte of the buffer and increments the read cursor, with subsequent reads taking up where the last left off.

As a consumer of the Net::SSH library, you will rarely come into contact with these buffer objects directly, but it could happen. Also, if you are ever implementing a protocol on top of SSH (e.g. SFTP), this buffer class can be quite handy.

Attributes

content[R]

exposes the raw content of the buffer

position[RW]

the current position of the pointer in the buffer

Public Class Methods

from(*args) click to toggle source

This is a convenience method for creating and populating a new buffer from a single command. The arguments must be even in length, with the first of each pair of arguments being a symbol naming the type of the data that follows. If the type is :raw, the value is written directly to the hash.

b = Buffer.from(:byte, 1, :string, "hello", :raw, "\1\2\3\4")
#-> "\1\0\0\0\5hello\1\2\3\4"

The supported data types are:

:raw => write the next value verbatim (#write)
:int64 => write an 8-byte integer (#write_int64)
:long => write a 4-byte integer (#write_long)
:byte => write a single byte (#write_byte)
:string => write a 4-byte length followed by character data (#write_string)
:mstring => same as string, but caller cannot resuse the string, avoids potential duplication (#write_moved)
:bool => write a single byte, interpreted as a boolean (#write_bool)
:bignum => write an SSH-encoded bignum (#write_bignum)
:key => write an SSH-encoded key value (#write_key)

Any of these, except for :raw, accepts an Array argument, to make it easier to write multiple values of the same type in a briefer manner.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 48
def self.from(*args)
  raise ArgumentError, "odd number of arguments given" unless args.length % 2 == 0

  buffer = new
  0.step(args.length - 1, 2) do |index|
    type = args[index]
    value = args[index + 1]
    if type == :raw
      buffer.append(value.to_s)
    elsif Array === value
      buffer.send("write_#{type}", *value)
    else
      buffer.send("write_#{type}", value)
    end
  end

  buffer
end

new(content="") click to toggle source

Creates a new buffer, initialized to the given content. The position is initialized to the beginning of the buffer.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 75
def initialize(content="")
  @content = content.to_s
  @position = 0
end

Public Instance Methods

==(buffer) click to toggle source

Compares the contents of the two buffers, returning true only if they are identical in size and content.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 98
def ==(buffer)
  to_s == buffer.to_s
end

append(text) click to toggle source

Appends the given text to the end of the buffer. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object itself.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 147
def append(text)
  @content << text
  self
end

available() click to toggle source

Returns the number of bytes available to be read (e.g., how many bytes remain between the current position and the end of the buffer).

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 87
def available
  length - position
end

clear!() click to toggle source

Resets the buffer, making it empty. Also, resets the read position to 0.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 121
def clear!
  @content = ""
  @position = 0
end

consume!(n=position) click to toggle source

Consumes n bytes from the buffer, where n is the current position unless otherwise specified. This is useful for removing data from the buffer that has previously been read, when you are expecting more data to be appended. It helps to keep the size of buffers down when they would otherwise tend to grow without bound.

Returns the buffer object itself.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 133
def consume!(n=position)
  if n >= length
    # optimize for a fairly common case
    clear!
  elsif n > 0
    @content = @content[n..-1] || ""
    @position -= n
    @position = 0 if @position < 0
  end
  self
end

empty?() click to toggle source

Returns true if the buffer contains no data (e.g., it is of zero length).

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 103
def empty?
  @content.empty?
end

eof?() click to toggle source

Returns true if the pointer is at the end of the buffer. Subsequent reads will return nil, in this case.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 115
def eof?
  @position >= length
end

length() click to toggle source

Returns the length of the buffer's content.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 81
def length
  @content.length
end

read(count=nil) click to toggle source

Reads and returns the next count bytes from the buffer, starting from the read position. If count is nil, this will return all remaining text in the buffer. This method will increment the pointer.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 176
def read(count=nil)
  count ||= length
  count = length - @position if @position + count > length
  @position += count
  @content[@position - count, count]
end

read!(count=nil) click to toggle source

Reads (as read) and returns the given number of bytes from the buffer, and then consumes (as consume!) all data up to the new read position.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 185
def read!(count=nil)
  data = read(count)
  consume!
  data
end

read_all() { |self| ... } click to toggle source

Calls block(self) until the buffer is empty, and returns all results.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 192
def read_all(&block)
  Enumerator.new { |e| e << yield(self) until eof? }.to_a
end

read_bignum() click to toggle source

Read a bignum (OpenSSL::BN) from the buffer, in SSH2 format. It is essentially just a string, which is reinterpreted to be a bignum in binary format.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 238
def read_bignum
  data = read_string
  return unless data
  OpenSSL::BN.new(data, 2)
end

read_bool() click to toggle source

Read a single byte and convert it into a boolean, using 'C' rules (i.e., zero is false, non-zero is true).

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 230
def read_bool
  b = read_byte or return nil
  b != 0
end

read_buffer() click to toggle source

Reads the next string from the buffer, and returns a new Buffer object that wraps it.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 336
def read_buffer
  Buffer.new(read_string)
end

read_byte() click to toggle source

Read and return the next byte in the buffer. Returns nil if called at the end of the buffer.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 215
def read_byte
  b = read(1) or return nil
  b.getbyte(0)
end

read_int64() click to toggle source

Return the next 8 bytes as a 64-bit integer (in network byte order). Returns nil if there are less than 8 bytes remaining to be read in the buffer.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 199
def read_int64
  hi = read_long or return nil
  lo = read_long or return nil
  return (hi << 32) + lo
end

read_key() click to toggle source

Read a key from the buffer. The key will start with a string describing its type. The remainder of the key is defined by the type that was read.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 247
def read_key
  type = read_string
  return (type ? read_keyblob(type) : nil)
end

read_keyblob(type) click to toggle source

Read a keyblob of the given type from the buffer, and return it as a key. Only RSA, DSA, and ECDSA keys are supported.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 294
def read_keyblob(type)
  case type
  when /^(.*)-cert-v01@openssh\.com$/
    key = Net::SSH::Authentication::Certificate.read_certblob(self, $1)
  when /^ssh-dss$/
    key = OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.new
    if key.respond_to?(:set_pqg)
      key.set_pqg(read_bignum, read_bignum, read_bignum)
    else
      key.p = read_bignum
      key.q = read_bignum
      key.g = read_bignum
    end
    if key.respond_to?(:set_key)
      key.set_key(read_bignum, nil)
    else
      key.pub_key = read_bignum
    end
  when /^ssh-rsa$/
    key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new
    if key.respond_to?(:set_key)
      e = read_bignum
      n = read_bignum
      key.set_key(n, e, nil)
    else
      key.e = read_bignum
      key.n = read_bignum
    end
  when /^ssh-ed25519$/
    Net::SSH::Authentication::ED25519Loader.raiseUnlessLoaded("unsupported key type `#{type}'")
    key = Net::SSH::Authentication::ED25519::PubKey.read_keyblob(self)
  when /^ecdsa\-sha2\-(\w*)$/
    key = OpenSSL::PKey::EC.read_keyblob($1, self)
  else
    raise NotImplementedError, "unsupported key type `#{type}'"
  end

  return key
end

read_long() click to toggle source

Return the next four bytes as a long integer (in network byte order). Returns nil if there are less than 4 bytes remaining to be read in the buffer.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 208
def read_long
  b = read(4) or return nil
  b.unpack("N").first
end

read_private_keyblob(type) click to toggle source

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 252
def read_private_keyblob(type)
  case type
  when /^ssh-rsa$/
    key = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new
    n = read_bignum
    e = read_bignum
    d = read_bignum
    iqmp = read_bignum
    p = read_bignum
    q = read_bignum
    _unkown1 = read_bignum
    _unkown2 = read_bignum
    dmp1 = d % (p - 1)
    dmq1 = d % (q - 1)
    if key.respond_to?(:set_key)
      key.set_key(n, e, d)
    else
      key.e = e
      key.n = n
      key.d = d
    end
    if key.respond_to?(:set_factors)
      key.set_factors(p, q)
    else
      key.p = p
      key.q = q
    end
    if key.respond_to?(:set_crt_params)
      key.set_crt_params(dmp1, dmq1, iqmp)
    else
      key.dmp1 = dmp1
      key.dmq1 = dmq1
      key.iqmp = iqmp
    end
    key
  else
    raise Exception, "Cannot decode private key of type #{type}"
  end
end

read_string() click to toggle source

Read and return an SSH2-encoded string. The string starts with a long integer that describes the number of bytes remaining in the string. Returns nil if there are not enough bytes to satisfy the request.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 223
def read_string
  length = read_long or return nil
  read(length)
end

read_to(pattern) click to toggle source

Reads all data up to and including the given pattern, which may be a String, Fixnum, or Regexp and is interpreted exactly as String#index does. Returns nil if nothing matches. Increments the position to point immediately after the pattern, if it does match. Returns all data up to and including the text that matched the pattern.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 163
def read_to(pattern)
  index = @content.index(pattern, @position) or return nil
  length = case pattern
           when String then pattern.length
           when Integer then 1
           when Regexp then $&.length
           end
  index && read(index + length)
end

remainder_as_buffer() click to toggle source

Returns all text from the current pointer to the end of the buffer as a new Net::SSH::Buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 154
def remainder_as_buffer
  Buffer.new(@content[@position..-1])
end

reset!() click to toggle source

Resets the pointer to the start of the buffer. Subsequent reads will begin at position 0.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 109
def reset!
  @position = 0
end

to_s() click to toggle source

Returns a copy of the buffer's content.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 92
def to_s
  (@content || "").dup
end

write(*data) click to toggle source

Writes the given data literally into the string. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 342
def write(*data)
  data.each { |datum| @content << datum.dup.force_encoding('BINARY') }
  self
end

write_bignum(*n) click to toggle source

Writes each argument to the buffer as a bignum (SSH2-style). No checking is done to ensure that the arguments are, in fact, bignums. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 417
def write_bignum(*n)
  @content << n.map { |b| b.to_ssh }.join
  self
end

write_bool(*b) click to toggle source

Writes each argument to the buffer as a (C-style) boolean, with 1 meaning true, and 0 meaning false. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 409
def write_bool(*b)
  b.each { |v| @content << (v ? "\1" : "\0") }
  self
end

write_byte(*n) click to toggle source

Writes each argument to the buffer as a byte. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 376
def write_byte(*n)
  n.each { |b| @content << b.chr }
  self
end

write_int64(*n) click to toggle source

Writes each argument to the buffer as a network-byte-order-encoded 64-bit integer (8 bytes). Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 357
def write_int64(*n)
  n.each do |i|
    hi = (i >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF
    lo = i & 0xFFFFFFFF
    @content << [hi, lo].pack("N2")
  end
  self
end

write_key(*key) click to toggle source

Writes the given arguments to the buffer as SSH2-encoded keys. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 424
def write_key(*key)
  key.each { |k| append(k.to_blob) }
  self
end

write_long(*n) click to toggle source

Writes each argument to the buffer as a network-byte-order-encoded long (4-byte) integer. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 369
def write_long(*n)
  @content << n.pack("N*")
  self
end

write_moved(string) click to toggle source

Optimized version of write where the caller gives up ownership of string to the method. This way we can mutate the string.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 349
def write_moved(string)
  @content << string.force_encoding('BINARY')
  self
end

write_mstring(*text) click to toggle source

Writes each argument to the buffer as an SSH2-encoded string. Each string is prefixed by its length, encoded as a 4-byte long integer. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object. Might alter arguments see #write_moved

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 397
def write_mstring(*text)
  text.each do |string|
    s = string.to_s
    write_long(s.bytesize)
    write_moved(s)
  end
  self
end

write_string(*text) click to toggle source

Writes each argument to the buffer as an SSH2-encoded string. Each string is prefixed by its length, encoded as a 4-byte long integer. Does not alter the read position. Returns the buffer object.

# File lib/net/ssh/buffer.rb, line 384
def write_string(*text)
  text.each do |string|
    s = string.to_s
    write_long(s.bytesize)
    write(s)
  end
  self
end